{"id":120,"date":"2007-07-29T02:20:27","date_gmt":"2007-07-29T02:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.garfnet.org.uk\/cms\/fhs-file-hierarchy-system-on-unix-like-operating-systems-such-as-linux\/"},"modified":"2024-12-06T03:05:53","modified_gmt":"2024-12-06T03:05:53","slug":"fhs-file-hierarchy-system-on-unix-like-operating-systems-such-as-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/garfnet.org.uk\/cms\/2007\/07\/29\/fhs-file-hierarchy-system-on-unix-like-operating-systems-such-as-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"FHS (File Hierarchy System) on Unix-like operating systems such as Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Linux file system can seem a little strange especially for those coming from an M$ Windoze background. This is my humble attempt at debunking it and perhaps making it a little easier to understand.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Several main differences…<\/h2>\n

There are some important differences between the DOS\/Windows type file system and the system used by Unix-derived systens such as Linux and Macintosh OSX.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Folder delimiter is a forwardslash  “\/” not a backslash “\\”.<\/li>\n
  2. Disk drives do not have drive letters. Instead they are mounted from within the file hierarchy system.<\/li>\n
  3. File and folder names are case sensitive.<\/li>\n
  4. Files and folders are hidden by adding a preceding dot.<\/li>\n
  5. File and folder permissions are completely different.<\/li>\n
  6. Unixy folks often refer to “folders” as “directories”.<\/li>\n
  7. The shorthand to access the current user’s home folder is ~\/ In my case ~\/ is the same as \/home\/garf<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n

    Basic FHS<\/h2>\n
    \n

    (Note this deviates slightly from official FHS by including some Debian-based paths as well.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/ <\/strong>
    \nPrimary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/bin\/ <\/strong>
    \nEssential command binaries that need to be available in single user mode; for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/boot\/ <\/strong>
    \nBoot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd). Often a separate partition.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/dev\/<\/strong>
    \nEssential devices (e.g., \/dev\/null).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/etc\/<\/strong>
    \nHost-specific system-wide configuration files (the name comes from et cetera).<\/p>\n

    \/etc\/opt\/<\/strong>
    \nConfiguration files for \/opt\/.<\/p>\n

    \/etc\/X11\/<\/strong>
    \nConfiguration files for the X Window System, version 11.<\/p>\n

    \/etc\/sgml\/<\/strong>
    \nConfiguration files for SGML.<\/p>\n

    \/etc\/xml\/<\/strong>
    \nConfiguration files for XML.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/home\/<\/strong>
    \nUsers’ home directories – containing saved files, personal settings etc. Often a separate disk partition.<\/p>\n

    \/home\/garf\/<\/strong>
    \nWhere my stuff lives. (Not actuallly part of the official FHS – obviously)<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/lib\/<\/strong>
    \nLibraries essential for the binaries in \/bin\/ and \/sbin\/.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/media\/<\/strong>
    \nMount points for removable media such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS version 2.3).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/mnt\/ <\/strong>
    \nTemporarily mounted filesystems.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/opt\/<\/strong>
    \nOptional application software packages.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/proc\/<\/strong>
    \nVirtual filesystem documenting kernel and process status as text files (e.g., uptime, network).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/root\/<\/strong>
    \nHome directory for the root user.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/sbin\/<\/strong>
    \nEssential system binaries (e.g., init, route, ifup).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/srv\/<\/strong>
    \nSite-specific data which is served by the system.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/tmp\/<\/strong>
    \nTemporary files (see also \/var\/tmp).<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/usr\/<\/strong>
    \nSecondary hierarchy for user data; contains the majority of (multi-)user utilities and applications.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/bin\/<\/strong>
    \nNon-essential command binaries (not needed in single user mode); for all users.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/include\/<\/strong>
    \nStandard include files.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/lib\/<\/strong>
    \nLibraries for the binaries in \/usr\/bin\/ and \/usr\/sbin\/.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/sbin\/<\/strong>
    \nNon-essential system binaries (e.g. daemons for various network-services).<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/share\/<\/strong>
    \nArchitecture-independent (shared) data.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/src\/<\/strong>
    \nSource code (e.g. the kernel source code with its header files).<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/X11R6\/<\/strong>
    \nX Window System, Version 11 Release 6.<\/p>\n

    \/usr\/local\/<\/strong>
    \nTertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to this host. Typically has further subfolders, eg. bin\/, lib\/, share\/.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \/var\/<\/strong>
    \nVariable files, such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/cache\/<\/strong>
    \n(debian-based systems) ccached files.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/cache\/apt\/<\/strong>
    \n*.deb files downloaded when getting or updating packages from repositories, e.g. when using “sudo apt-get install”.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/lock\/<\/strong>
    \nLock files. Files keeping track of resources currently in use.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/log\/<\/strong>
    \nLog files. Various logs.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/mail\/<\/strong>
    \nUsers’ mail-boxes.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/run\/<\/strong>
    \nInformation about the running system since last boot (e.g. currently logged-in users and running daemons).<\/p>\n

    \/var\/spool\/<\/strong>
    \nSpool for tasks waiting to be processed (e.g. print queues and unread mail).<\/p>\n

    \/var\/spool\/mail\/<\/strong>
    \nDeprecated location for users’ mail-boxes.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/tmp\/<\/strong>
    \nTemporary files to be preserved between reboots.<\/p>\n

    \/var\/www\/ <\/strong>
    \nWeb site files (not strictly part of the FHS but this is a very common location in the hierarchy).<\/p>\n

    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The Linux file system can seem a little strange especially for those coming from an M$ Windoze background. This is my humble attempt at debunking it and perhaps making it a little easier to understand. Several main differences… There are some important differences between the DOS\/Windows type file system and the system used by Unix-derived…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,6,691,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faq","category-journal","category-linux","category-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nFHS (File Hierarchy System) on Unix-like operating systems such as Linux - GarfNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/garfnet.org.uk\/cms\/2007\/07\/29\/fhs-file-hierarchy-system-on-unix-like-operating-systems-such-as-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FHS (File Hierarchy System) on Unix-like operating systems such as Linux - GarfNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Linux file system can seem a little strange especially for those coming from an M$ Windoze background. 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